Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organiccomposting
On Sun, 15 Jan 2012 19:14:17 -0500, Frank wrote:
I'd also post in rec.gardens for someone there who knows more plant biochemistry than me, but the urea in urine is no different from urea used in fertilizer. Sometimes pure ammonia is injected into soil as fertilizer and as you point out, water will hold it there. I switched the sci.chem to rec.gardens. Thanks for the advice. Googling for a comparison paper of urea fertilizer and urine, I found this interesting paper from the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55, pages 8657-8663 titled: "Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage - Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality". Interestingly, as you intimated, they found that the urine was as good or better than the commercial stuff. More interesting to the point, they recommended 'no more than 6 months' storage of the collected urine! I'm amazed as everything else I read said that the urine should be used within 24 hours because of ammonia (gas) formation. I'm sure it works - but - I want to better understand the whole process so that the maximum nitrogen gets into the compost as usable nitrogen and not vented to the atmosphere as ammonia. |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organiccomposting
On Mon, 16 Jan 2012 01:02:23 +0000, Chuck Banshee wrote:
I found this interesting paper from the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55, pages 8657-8663 titled: Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)––Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality I forgot to post the URL to the scientific paper: http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf I find it suspect that they found the urine-fertilized cabbage tasted 'better', as I would have expected no differences between commercially fertilized and organically fertilized (i.e., urine-fertilized) cabbage. Still - my question is HOW best to keep the nitrogen in the compost from turning into ammonia gases and simply venting away. |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
On 1/15/2012 8:02 PM, Chuck Banshee wrote:
On Sun, 15 Jan 2012 19:14:17 -0500, Frank wrote: I'd also post in rec.gardens for someone there who knows more plant biochemistry than me, but the urea in urine is no different from urea used in fertilizer. Sometimes pure ammonia is injected into soil as fertilizer and as you point out, water will hold it there. I switched the sci.chem to rec.gardens. Thanks for the advice. Googling for a comparison paper of urea fertilizer and urine, I found this interesting paper from the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55, pages 8657-8663 titled: "Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage - Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality". Interestingly, as you intimated, they found that the urine was as good or better than the commercial stuff. More interesting to the point, they recommended 'no more than 6 months' storage of the collected urine! I'm amazed as everything else I read said that the urine should be used within 24 hours because of ammonia (gas) formation. I'm sure it works - but - I want to better understand the whole process so that the maximum nitrogen gets into the compost as usable nitrogen and not vented to the atmosphere as ammonia. This may help a little: http://extension.usu.edu/files/publi...ion/AG_283.pdf Nothing wrong with sci.chem posting, chemist I think may comment goes to both. |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organiccomposting
On Sun, 15 Jan 2012 20:09:32 -0500, Frank wrote:
This may help a little: http://extension.usu.edu/files/publi...ion/AG_283.pdf Nice find! The paper purports to answer exactly what I'm asking! "The purpose of this fact sheet is to briefly describe urea transformations and to suggest how urea-N may be conserved with proper management in the field." It says up to 90% of the nitrogen in urea will turn to ammonia gas "if not protected within a few hours of application". Since urea - ammonium bicarbonate (within 48 hours) - ammonia gas, they say the key to keeping the nitrogen is to "put the urea into the soil and not merely on the soil" within those first 48 hours. Ah. That's simple! They say you can do this three ways: 1. Water the soil directly after applying the urea 2. Plow the soil after fertilization 3. Inject the urea into the soil How did you find this? I had googled for hours before posting my question because I could not find the answer of how to keep the nitrogen IN the compost! In my compost pile, I can keep it wet and I can cover it with soil to keep the nitrogen in the soil! thanks! |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
On Jan 15, 7:56*pm, Chuck Banshee wrote:
On Sun, 15 Jan 2012 20:09:32 -0500, Frank wrote: This may help a little: http://extension.usu.edu/files/publi...ion/AG_283.pdf Nice find! The paper purports to answer exactly what I'm asking! * *"The purpose of this fact sheet is to briefly describe urea * * transformations and to suggest how urea-N may be conserved * * with proper management in the field." It says up to 90% of the nitrogen in urea will turn to ammonia gas "if not protected within a few hours of application". Since urea - ammonium bicarbonate (within 48 hours) - ammonia gas, they say the key to keeping the nitrogen is to "put the urea into the soil and not merely on the soil" within those first 48 hours. Ah. That's simple! They say you can do this three ways: 1. Water the soil directly after applying the urea 2. Plow the soil after fertilization 3. Inject the urea into the soil How did you find this? I had googled for hours before posting my question because I could not find the answer of how to keep the nitrogen IN the compost! In my compost pile, I can keep it wet and I can cover it with soil to keep the nitrogen in the soil! thanks! Your closest land grant university might have answers to further questions if you have any. List he http://tinyurl.com/3r39ax The University of Nebraska at Lincoln, for example, has NebGuides. Link he http://tinyurl.com/unvrl They deal primarily with agriculture but there is some information on lawns and gardens. |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
Chuck Banshee wrote:
On Mon, 16 Jan 2012 01:02:23 +0000, Chuck Banshee wrote: I found this interesting paper from the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55, pages 8657-8663 titled: Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)––Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality I forgot to post the URL to the scientific paper: http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf I find it suspect that they found the urine-fertilized cabbage tasted 'better', as I would have expected no differences between commercially fertilized and organically fertilized (i.e., urine-fertilized) cabbage. Still - my question is HOW best to keep the nitrogen in the compost from turning into ammonia gases and simply venting away. Interesting question. The conversion from urea, uric acid etc to ammonia is going to be done by some microbe. I think the risk is that if you make the environment unsuitable for that class of microbes it will be unsuitable for others that are more useful. Another possibility is to try to bind the ammonia so it isn't lost as a gas. Ammonium ions ought to bind to clay and humus colloids which have significant cation exchange capacity. Also cold composting, maintaining it damp and ensuring the pH isn't too high will all reduce the loss of ammonia to the air. I think the widespread use of urine as fertiliser is limited by lack of a suitable collection mechanisms and the yuck factor. The latter is composed of the reaction to the smell and the belief that it is "dirty". The yuck factor is a big issue. People are often aghast at the idea of water derived from treated sewerage being used in the normal water reticulation system, despite evidence that the water would be as safe or safer than collected ground water. The smell issue is commonly accepted as not a show stopper when using manures. Poultry manure or poultry bedding which contains large amounts of manure can produce a most revolting stench far worse than human urine but this doesn't stop them being used at least in agricultural settings. If I lived in a built-up area I would be restricted in using such fertilisers due to having regard for neighbours. If you ask Mr or Ms Public is urine safe to use on the garden they will probably tell you that you can catch diseases from it. This isn't true in general. It may possibly be true if the donor has a urinary tract infection, such a person would very probably be aware of the illness and so should cease donating until they are well. In the absence of such an infection fresh urine in sterile. It could also become infected if stored in such a way that it became a growth medium for microbes that originated elsewhere. If you are adding it to your compost or even directly to the soil this is hardly likely to be an issue. As the article points out the few pathogens found cannot easily get into the cabbages. Bring up your kids to pee on the lemon tree! As the price of oil (and so synthetic nitrogenous fertilisers) goes up we may find some creative person who can find a way to collect urine cheaply instead of sending it down our rivers and out to sea and then having to use power to fix atmospheric nitrogen in its place. David |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
In article ,
Chuck Banshee wrote: On Sun, 15 Jan 2012 19:14:17 -0500, Frank wrote: I'd also post in rec.gardens for someone there who knows more plant biochemistry than me, but the urea in urine is no different from urea used in fertilizer. Sometimes pure ammonia is injected into soil as fertilizer and as you point out, water will hold it there. Or wash it away into aquifers, or public water ways. The amount of ammonia needed to produce the same yield from a field will increase as the organic material (OG) in the field's soil breaks down and diminishes. Discing OG into the field disrupts the soil structure and ecology. With urea, you needn't spare its application, as you have a lifetime supply of it. Do spread it around though, as you can get salt (ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base) build ups if it only supplied to one small area of soil. The Bottom Line • Ideal soils, from a fertility standpoint, are generally defined as containing no more than 5% OM by weight or 10% by volume • Before you add organic amendments to your garden, have your soil tested to determine its OM content and nutrient levels • Be conservative with organic amendments; add only what is necessary to correct deficiencies and maintain OM at ideal levels • Do not incorporate organic amendments into landscapes destined for permanent installations; top dress with mulch instead • Abnormally high levels of nutrients can have negative effects on plant and soil health • Any nutrients not immediately utilized by microbes or plants contribute to non-point source pollution I switched the sci.chem to rec.gardens. Thanks for the advice. Googling for a comparison paper of urea fertilizer and urine, I found this interesting paper from the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55, pages 8657-8663 titled: "Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage - Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality". Interestingly, as you intimated, they found that the urine was as good or better than the commercial stuff. More interesting to the point, they recommended 'no more than 6 months' storage of the collected urine! I'm amazed as everything else I read said that the urine should be used within 24 hours because of ammonia (gas) formation. I'm sure it works - but - I want to better understand the whole process so that the maximum nitrogen gets into the compost as usable nitrogen and not vented to the atmosphere as ammonia. -- Billy E Pluribus Unum Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron. - Dwight D. Eisenhower, 16 April 1953 |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
In article ,
Chuck Banshee wrote: On Mon, 16 Jan 2012 01:02:23 +0000, Chuck Banshee wrote: I found this interesting paper from the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55, pages 8657-8663 titled: Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)––Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality I forgot to post the URL to the scientific paper: http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf I find it suspect that they found the urine-fertilized cabbage tasted 'better', as I would have expected no differences between commercially fertilized and organically fertilized (i.e., urine-fertilized) cabbage. Still - my question is HOW best to keep the nitrogen in the compost from turning into ammonia gases and simply venting away. If the ratio of brown to green additives to your compost pile is about 25/1, you pile won't smell as it will be in balance with the needs of the composting microorganisms. Then the urea will be bound in the proteins of the flora and fauna of the soil ecology, and will be released at a use able rate for the plants during the microorganisms' life/death cycles. To insure the minimum lost of nitrogen, cover its source with mulch that is kept damp, i.e. compost in situe. -- Billy E Pluribus Unum Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron. - Dwight D. Eisenhower, 16 April 1953 |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
Billygoat wrote:
Schmuck Banchee wrote: Chuck Banshee wrote: I found Use of Human Urine Fertilizer. I forgot to post the URL to the scientific paper: http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf If the ratio of brown to green additives to your compost pile is about 25/1, you pile won't smell as it will be in balance with the needs of the composting microorganisms. Then the urea will be bound in the proteins of the flora and fauna of the soil ecology, and will be released at a use able rate for the plants during the microorganisms' life/death cycles. To insure the minimum lost of nitrogen, cover its source with mulch that is kept damp, i.e. compost in situe. Got anymore dumb billygoat theorys? As Triumph would say, "I poop on you!" Best use of pee: http://www.therightscoop.com/allen-w...liban-corpses/ |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organiccomposting
On Mon, 16 Jan 2012 10:43:58 -0500, Brooklyn1 wrote:
If the ratio of brown to green additives to your compost pile is about 25/1, you pile won't smell as it will be in balance Got anymore dumb billygoat theorys? It's uncalled for to attack someone's unsubstantiated theory as 'dumb billgoat' as there may be a basis in fact to the original statement ... However, in this thread, we're only looking for scientifically proven data for preventing the nitrogen in urea from gassing off as ammonia. So, while I won't believe the 25:1 ratio above until/unless scientific evidence shows it to be be true, I 'can' believe what was implied in the following references: - http://extension.usu.edu/files/publi...ion/AG_283.pdf - http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf - http://www.soils.wisc.edu/extension/...nagingUrea.pdf Basically, these documents tell us from 50% to 90% of the nitrogen in urea is lost to the atmosphere (as ammonia) when urine is simply poured on top of the compost pile and left there. The reason is that some of the urea [(NH2)2CO] is first turned to ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3] and then into ammonium [2NH4] and gaseous carbon dioxide [(CO2 gas)] & finally into gaseous ammonia [(NH3] and water [H2O]. The goal is to force that nitrogen that would otherwise gas off, to recombine into compounds (nitrates?) that plants can use. I haven't figured out 'what' compounds these would be - so if you have papers on that, it would be useful to know. So far, to minimize the nitrogen gassing, I will employ two techniques: - I'll maintain the moistness of the compost heap (by sprinkling water) - I'll cover the heap in clean soil (as I do anyway to deter vermin) If anyone finds a BETTER way to forestall nitrogen evaporation in urea- enhanced composting, please cite how (references are always appreciated!). And, if you know WHAT the process is that converts the nitrogen to useful compounds for the plants, I'd like to know also. Thanks all! |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
Brooklyn1 wrote:
Billygoat wrote: Schmuck Banchee wrote: Chuck Banshee wrote: I found Use of Human Urine Fertilizer. I forgot to post the URL to the scientific paper: http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf If the ratio of brown to green additives to your compost pile is about 25/1, you pile won't smell as it will be in balance with the needs of the composting microorganisms. Then the urea will be bound in the proteins of the flora and fauna of the soil ecology, and will be released at a use able rate for the plants during the microorganisms' life/death cycles. To insure the minimum lost of nitrogen, cover its source with mulch that is kept damp, i.e. compost in situe. Got anymore dumb billygoat theorys? A contribution of exactly zero, about standard. You don't have any ideas so you just throw whatever is handy and childishly mess with people's names to manufacture an insult, I haven't seen that technique since primary school. But you are not a child who may be forgiven for not knowing better. As Triumph would say, "I poop on you!" Best use of pee: http://www.therightscoop.com/allen-w...liban-corpses/ Spending your life searching usenet and www for somebody you can be rude to or about. Seeking opportunities to show your ignorance and ugly attitudes. You clearly live a very arid empty life. David |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
In article ,
Brooklyn1 Gravesend1 wrote: Billygoat wrote: Schmuck Banchee wrote: Chuck Banshee wrote: I found Use of Human Urine Fertilizer. I forgot to post the URL to the scientific paper: http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf If the ratio of brown to green additives to your compost pile is about 25/1, you pile won't smell as it will be in balance with the needs of the composting microorganisms. Then the urea will be bound in the proteins of the flora and fauna of the soil ecology, and will be released at a use able rate for the plants during the microorganisms' life/death cycles. To insure the minimum lost of nitrogen, cover its source with mulch that is kept damp, i.e. compost in situe. Got anymore dumb billygoat theorys? As Triumph would say, "I poop on you!" Best use of pee: http://www.therightscoop.com/allen-w...rines-peeing-o n-taliban-corpses/ Back on the bottle and using your best best pre-primary vocabulary, eh Shelly? If you can refute any of my suggestions, please do, but don't bore the adults here with your infantile cry for attention. -- Billy E Pluribus Unum Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron. - Dwight D. Eisenhower, 16 April 1953 |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
In article ,
Chuck Banshee wrote: On Mon, 16 Jan 2012 10:43:58 -0500, Brooklyn1 wrote: If the ratio of brown to green additives to your compost pile is about 25/1, you pile won't smell as it will be in balance Got anymore dumb billygoat theorys? It's uncalled for to attack someone's unsubstantiated theory as 'dumb billgoat' as there may be a basis in fact to the original statement ... However, in this thread, we're only looking for scientifically proven data for preventing the nitrogen in urea from gassing off as ammonia. So, while I won't believe the 25:1 ratio above until/unless scientific evidence shows it to be be true, I 'can' believe what was implied in the following references: - http://extension.usu.edu/files/publi...ion/AG_283.pdf - http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/ca...cs/cabbage.pdf - http://www.soils.wisc.edu/extension/...nagingUrea.pdf Basically, these documents tell us from 50% to 90% of the nitrogen in urea is lost to the atmosphere (as ammonia) when urine is simply poured on top of the compost pile and left there. The reason is that some of the urea [(NH2)2CO] is first turned to ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3] and then into ammonium [2NH4] and gaseous carbon dioxide [(CO2 gas)] & finally into gaseous ammonia [(NH3] and water [H2O]. The goal is to force that nitrogen that would otherwise gas off, to recombine into compounds (nitrates?) that plants can use. I haven't figured out 'what' compounds these would be - so if you have papers on that, it would be useful to know. So far, to minimize the nitrogen gassing, I will employ two techniques: - I'll maintain the moistness of the compost heap (by sprinkling water) - I'll cover the heap in clean soil (as I do anyway to deter vermin) If anyone finds a BETTER way to forestall nitrogen evaporation in urea- enhanced composting, please cite how (references are always appreciated!). And, if you know WHAT the process is that converts the nitrogen to useful compounds for the plants, I'd like to know also. Thanks all! Urine has a fertilizer value of N/P/K 18:2:5. Wow! Plant Physiology Nitrogen assimilation and fixation Availability of nitrogen to plants is often a limiting factor in growth and productivity • despite the fact that N2 is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere Nitrogen can exist in pools of different chemical forms, nitrogen cycle • reduction of N2 to ammonia=nitrogen fixation (bacteria, lightning, industrial) • ammonia is oxidized to nitrite, then nitrate=nitrification (by some bacteria) • organics are converted to ammonia=ammonification (by bacteria & fungi) • nitrate is reduced to N2, returned to the atmosphere=denitrification (bacteria) In taking up and utilizing nitrogen, plants incorporate it into carbon-nitrogen compounds Most plants take up nitrogen primarily in the form of nitrate (NO3-) • except in conditions where nitrifying bacteria don't grow well (low pH, anaerobic) • then ammonia (NH4+) will be available for uptake • many forest species take up primarily NH4+, since forest soils are more acidic (less nitrification) • NH4+ leaches less than NO3-, since NH4+ adheres to soil colloids NO3- is actively transported into and concentrated in the cells by a NO3- / H+ carrier (symporter) Assimilation: NO3- is reduced to nitrite (NO2-) by nitrate reductase using NADH • addition of NO3- induces the expression of nitrate reductase (regulated at transcription and enzyme activity) • nitrate reductase has Mo, heme, and FAD cofactors (Mo deficiency can lead to N deficiency) NO2- is reduced to ammonium (NH4+) by nitrite reductase using ferredoxin (Fd) • nitrite reductase has Fe-S and heme cofactors • located in plastids NH4+ is incorporated into carbon compounds: amides (amino acids) and ureides Incorporation into amino acids is primarily by the GS-GOGAT pathway GS-GOGAT cycle 2 glutamate + 2 NH4+ + 2 ATP - 2 glutamine + 2 ADP • enzyme is glutamine synthetase (GS) glutamine + alpha ketoglutarate + NAD(P)H - 2 glutamate + NAD(P)+ • enzyme is glutamate synthase (GOGAT) -- Billy E Pluribus Unum Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron. - Dwight D. Eisenhower, 16 April 1953 |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organiccomposting
On Mon, 16 Jan 2012 21:56:44 -0800, Billy wrote:
Most plants take up nitrogen primarily in the form of nitrate (NO3-) • except in conditions where nitrifying bacteria don't grow well (low pH, anaerobic). Then ammonia (NH4+) will be available for uptake Now that's interesting! Since it's compost we're working with, we don't know (yet) which plants will be using the nitrogen. So, I guess, we want the nitrogen as both a nitrate (NO3-) and as an ammonia (NH4+). I wonder how we know if a plant that we plan on fertilizing with this compost uses its nitrogen as nitrates versus ammonia? And, depending if we want more nitrates versus more ammonia, I wonder what we'd need to do to tilt the chemical balance one way or the other? |
Serious question: Urine as a nitrogen source for organic composting
On Jan 16, 11:47*am, Chuck Banshee wrote:
On Mon, 16 Jan 2012 10:43:58 -0500, Brooklyn1 wrote: If the ratio of brown to green additives to your compost pile is about 25/1, you pile won't smell as it will be in balance Got anymore dumb billygoat theorys? It's uncalled for to attack someone's unsubstantiated theory as 'dumb billgoat' as there may be a basis in fact to the original statement ... However, in this thread, we're only looking for scientifically proven data for preventing the nitrogen in urea from gassing off as ammonia. So, while I won't believe the 25:1 ratio above until/unless scientific evidence shows it to be be true, I 'can' believe what was implied in the following references: -http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/AG_283.pdf -http://www.nku.edu/~longa/classes/calculus_resources/docs/cabbage.pdf -http://www.soils.wisc.edu/extension/materials/ManagingUrea.pdf Basically, these documents tell us from 50% to 90% of the nitrogen in urea is lost to the atmosphere (as ammonia) when urine is simply poured on top of the compost pile and left there. The reason is that some of the urea [(NH2)2CO] is first turned to ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3] and then into ammonium [2NH4] and gaseous carbon dioxide [(CO2 gas)] & finally into gaseous ammonia [(NH3] and water [H2O]. The goal is to force that nitrogen that would otherwise gas off, to recombine into compounds (nitrates?) that plants can use. I haven't figured out 'what' compounds these would be - so if you have papers on that, it would be useful to know. So far, to minimize the nitrogen gassing, I will employ two techniques: - I'll maintain the moistness of the compost heap (by sprinkling water) - I'll cover the heap in clean soil (as I do anyway to deter vermin) If anyone finds a BETTER way to forestall nitrogen evaporation in urea- enhanced composting, please cite how (references are always appreciated!).. And, if you know WHAT the process is that converts the nitrogen to useful compounds for the plants, I'd like to know also. Thanks all! Don't know if the ways to reduce N losses are "better" rather than just different. Diluttion, watering in & cultivation are mentioned along with some chemical techniques. http://wesnetindia.org/fileadmin/att...Harvesting.pdf cheers Bob |
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