"Neil Jones" wrote in message
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Jaques d'Alltrades wrote in message
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The message
from (Nick Maclaren) contains these words:
In article ,
"ex WGS Hamm" writes:
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The Oxford English Dictionary has a specific entry for Trespass to
Land.
From memory it says "Unlawful entry onto the land of another with
damage to his real property"
Iy actually Says " vto enter a persons land or property unlawfully"
This definition Must be based on theblegal definition to be so worded.
It is a commonly misunderstood word but simply entering onto somone
else's land without thier permission cannot be trespass since it does
not fit the definition.
WRONG see below from
http://www.lawteacher.net/Tort/Tresp...0to%20Land.htm
TRESPASS TO LAND
DEFINITION
Trespass to land occurs where a person directly enters upon another's land
without permission, or remains upon the land, or places or projects any
object upon the land.
This tort is actionable per se without the need to prove damage.
By contrast, nuisance is an indirect interference with another's use and
enjoyment of land, and normally requires proof of damage to be actionable.
THE WAYS IN WHICH TRESPASS MAY OCCUR
1. Entering upon land
Walking onto land without permission, or refusing to leave when permission
has been withdrawn, or throwing objects onto land are all example of
trespass to land. For example, see Basely v Clarkson (1681) 3 Lev 37, below.
2. Trespass to the airspace
Trespass to airspace above the land can be committed. In Kelsen v Imperial
Tobacco Co [1957] 2 QB 334, D committed trespass by allowing an advertising
board to project eight inches into P's property at ground level and another
above ground level.
Note that s76(1) of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 provides that no action
shall lie in nuisance or trespass by reason only of the flight of an
aircraft over any property at a height above the ground which is reasonable.
However, s76(2) confers a statutory right of action in respect of physical
damage caused by aircraft, actionable without proof of negligence.
3. Trespass to the ground beneath the surface
In Bulli Coal Mining Co v Osborne [1899] AC 351, the Ds mined from their
land through to the P's land. This was held to be trespass to the subsoil.
POSSESSION OF LAND
This tort developed to protect a person's possession of land, and so only a
person who has exclusive possession of land may sue.
Thus, a landlord of leased premises does not have exclusive possession, nor
does a lodger or a licensee. However, a tenant or subtenant does (Street v
Mountford [1985] 2 All ER 289).
CONTINUING TRESPASS
A continuing trespass is a failure to remove an object (or the defendant in
person) unlawfully placed on land. It will lead to a new cause of action
each day for as long as it lasts (Holmes v Wilson and others (1839) 10 A&E
503; Konskier v Goodman Ltd [1928] 1 KB 421).
For example, in Holmes v Wilson and others (1839) the Ds built supports for
a road on P's land. The Ds paid damages for the trespass, but were held
liable again in a further action for failing to remove the buttresses.
MISTAKEN OR NEGLIGENT ENTRY
Trespass to land is an intentional tort. However, intention for the act is
required, not an intention to trespass. Consequently, deliberate entry is
required and lack of knowledge as to trespass will not be a defence (Conway
v George Wimpey & Co [1951] 2 KB 266, 273).
Mistaken entry
In Basely v Clarkson (1681) 3 Lev 37, the D owned land adjoining P's, and in
mowing his own land he involuntarily and by mistake mowed down some grass on
the land of P. P had judgment for 2s.
Involuntary entry
An involuntary trespass is not actionable: Smith v Stone (1647) Sty 65,
where D was carried onto the land of P by force and violence of others;
there was trespass by the people who carried D onto the land, and not by D.
Negligent entry
A negligent entry is possible and was considered in League Against Cruel
Sports v Scott [1985] 2 All ER 489. The Ps owned 23 unfenced areas of land.
Staghounds used to enter the land in pursuit of deer. The Ps sued the joint
Masters of the Hounds for damages and sought an injunction against further
trespasses. Park J issued an injunction in respect of one area restraining
the defendants themselves, their servants or agents, or mounted followers,
from causing or permitting hounds to enter or cross the property. Damages
for six trespasses were awarded. The judge said:
"Where a master of staghounds takes out a pack of hounds and deliberately
sets them in pursuit of a stag or hind knowing that there is a real risk
that in the pursuit hounds may enter or cross prohibited land, the master
will be liable for trespass if he intended to cause the hounds to enter such
land or if by his failure to exercise proper control over them he causes
them to enter such land."
DEFENCES
Licence
A licence is a permission to enter land and may be express, implied or
contractual. A dictionary definition is as follows:
"In land law, a licence is given by X to Y when X, the occupier of land,
gives Y permission to perform an act which, in other circumstances, would be
considered a trespass, e.g., where X allows Y to reside in X's house as a
lodger. A bare licence is merely gratuitous permission. A licence may be
coupled with an interest, as where X sells standing timber to Y on condition
that Y is to sever the timber; in this case the sale implies the grant of a
licence to Y to enter X's land. For contractual licence see Horrocks v
Forray [1976] 1 WLR 230. See Somma v Hazelhurst [1978] 2 All ER 1011; Street
v Mountford [1985] AC 809." (LB Curzon, Dictionary of Law, Fourth Edition).
If a licensee exceeds their licence, or remains on the land after it has
expired or been revoked, the licensee becomes a trespasser (Wood v
Leadbitter (1845) 13 M&W 838; Hillen v ICI (Alkali) Ltd [1936] AC 65). Such
a person is allowed a reasonable time in which to leave (Robson v Hallett
[1967] 2 QB 939; Minister of Health v Bellotti [1944] KB 298).
There is also the defence of estoppel by acquiescence, that is, consent
which is expressed or implied from conduct, eg, inactivity or silence (Jones
v Stones [1999] 1 WLR 1739 - mere delay in complaining is not acquiescence).
Rights of entry
A person may exercise a lawful right of entry onto land, for example:
· A private right of way granted to the defendant;
· A public right of way;
· A right given by the common law, such as the right to abate a
nuisance; and
· A right of access given by statute, such as ss16-18 PACE 1984, the
Access to Neighbouring Land Act 1992 and s8 of the Party Wall Act etc. Act
1996.
REMEDIES
Remedies include:
· Damages (which will be nominal if there is only slight harm to land).
· An injunction to prevent further acts of trespass (at the discretion of
the court).
· An action for the recovery of land if a person has been deprived of lawful
possession of the land (formerly known as ejectment).
Note 1: an action cannot be brought to recover land after the expiration
of twelve years from the date on which the right of action accrued: s15 of
the Limitation Act 1980.
Note 2: the procedure for the removal of squatters is now contained in
schedule 1 of the Civil Procedure Rules (previously RSC Ord. 113), and a
residential occupier cannot be evicted by a landlord without a court order
under the Protection from Eviction Act 1977.
Two recent cases a
Dutton v Manchester Airport plc [1999] 2 All ER 675
Countryside Residential Ltd v Tugwell (2000) The Times April 4
· An action for mesne profits, to recover damages for loss during a period
of dispossession (Inverugie Investments Ltd v Hackett [1995] 3 All ER 841,
846 per Lord Lloyd).
· Right of entry, ie the right of resuming possession of land by entering.
Note 1: A lease may give the lessor the right to re-enter on a breach of
covenant by the lessee but the right is not enforceable unless and until
notice is served on the lessee under s146 of the Law of Property Act 1925.
Note 2: It is unlawful to enforce a right of re-entry, except through
court proceedings, while the occupier is lawfully residing in the premises:
s2 Protection from Eviction Act 1977.