Peter Sutton writes
I am trying to follow Christopher Lloyds practice of growing some short
lived perennials, such as Lupins, Foxgloves and more, as biennials - in a
reserve area. He planted Lupins late to stop them flowering in the first
year. The implication is that they weaked the plant. Does anyone have any
evidence of this. And could you not plant earlier (for bigger plants) and
just cut the flowering stems off.

Peter Sutton - cold clay in Yorkshire

I'd have thought, on cold clay in Yorkshire, you'd find it difficult to
get lupins to flower the first year whatever you did.

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Kay - cold clay somewhere else in Yorkshire