Originally Posted by echinosum

When you dig up bamboo and replant it, you lose a lot of the fine roots that collect water and food for the plant. It is normal in this situation to reduce the stress on the plant by reducing the above-ground plant, so it can concentrate on rebuilding the root system. This reduction can be done by reducing the number of culms, shortening culms, or even by a partial deleafing. This reduces the risk of the full deleafing that you experienced with one plant.

Unfortunately by failing to do this, you have probably slowed down the re-establishment. You can now get a "re-juvenation", in the bad sense, ie, the plant starts to send up smaller juvenile culms, which will then take a few years to mature again.

Black bamboo likes warmer conditions, so I expect this could be slower. Depending exactly what you mean by golden bamboo, there are some that are quite happy in the cooler conditions of E Scotland.

Depending upon how mature the plant was when you dug it up, feed it very well - now is a very good time of year to feed them heavily to get good growth next year - and maybe it will recover in 2-3 years, less if it wasn't very old to start with.