I liked Andy's explanation... but for clarification, I'm supposing the "height" of a cascade is the vertical distance from the plane established by the highest point (apex or top of bend) to the plane established by the bottom & most extended element (whic
h is probably a tertiary branch or its foliage). They are vertically aligned along the same line as the center line of the container when viewed from the front in formal styling (Zane's Chpt. 8, p. 7), but not in informal styling. Tom Zane's _Intermedia
te Bonsai (Course Syllabus)_ clarifies the intended visual relationship as well or better than any source I've seen... and its on-line http://www.bonsai-bsf.com/intermediate/.

Best wishes,
Chris... C. Cochrane, , Richmond VA USA

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