Home |
Search |
Today's Posts |
#1
|
|||
|
|||
Recent Bamboo Developments in Brazil [BBF] News Bulletin - Issue #4
http://f2.grp.yahoofs.com/v1/gMPlP6l...ivo/issue4.doc
(about 1 megabyte WORD .DOC) Sunday, December 21st 2003 ENGLISH VERSION [BBF] N E W S B U L L E T I N - VOLUME I - ISSUE #4 MERRY CHRISTMAS FELIZ NATAL FELIZ AÑO NUEVO WHO WE A A multi-disciplinary group of individuals whose mission is to promote the sustainable use of bamboo in Brazil. A decentralized network of various existing NGOs, institutes and entities located throughout Brazil with similar goals, ideas, and research. Seeking new collaborators. João Paulo Freire Paglione – Founder, Bambubrasil.org Raphael Vasconcellos – Co-Founder, Bambu-Brasil Group, Bambubrasileiro.com Prof. Marco Pereira – Co-Founder, University Professor, UNESP/BAURU Celina Llerena – Architect, Founder of EBIOBAMBU Rubens Cardoso – Architect of First Bamboo Social Housing Unit, consultant for INBAMBU Edson Sartori – Engineer of First Bamboo Social Housing Unit, consultant for INBAMBU André Costa – University Student at UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) Marcos Marques – Permaculturalist-Bamboo innovator, Founder of Sitio Vagalume, Civil Engineer, Professor for IPAB (Permaculture Institute of Southern Brazil) WHAT WE DO WITH BAMBOO: Architecture Bicycles Construction Discussion Eco-tourism Handicrafts Irrigation Instruments Parks Social Housing Nurseries "Bamboo was always traditionally used rurally in Brazil. However, like much of Asia, it was the poor man's wood and not trusted by the population as a long-term building material. In recent years, bamboo development escalated throughout the country." Brazilians from the state of Alagoas visit China and discuss bilateral cooperation 21/01/2003 During an official visit to the People's Republic of China, lead by the lieutenant governor of Alagoas, Luis Abílio, FOTO 1: Anji County, CBRC 2001 International Training Course He was welcomed by the consul of Brazil João Mendonça in Shanghai. They discussed a partnership with the consulate to promote existing investments in the state of Alagoas, Brazil and also to encourage tourism there for Chinese tourists and businessman to include in their future destinations. The consul reaffirmed the initiative of the Alagoas and discussed several possibilities for trade, which most likely will surface after the visit. He offered to serve as a facilitator between the state of Alagoas and the Chinese provinces. The committee already participated in meeting a group of 25 businessman interested in developing joint ventures in Alagoas. In Nanjing, the first capital of China, the Alagoans were welcomed by Shan Shu, the governor of the province of Jiangser. Amid many already established contacts, a visit to the director of Nanjing Forestry University and the Bamboo Research Institute is in order. He spoke about the diverse uses of the plant including his belief that bamboo is the primary product being exploited sustain ably in China. FOTO 2: From left to right: Mr. Ding, Raphael Vasconcellos, Lucio Roitman, and Prof. Marco Pereira taken in May 2001 during China National Bamboo Research Centre's International Training Course on Bamboo Technology and TCDC (Technical Cooperation Amongst Developing Countries) ARTICLE AVAILABLE IN PORTUGUESE @ www.inbambu.org.br INBAMBU promotes Bamboo Construction Workshop "Construções com Bambu" 01/12/2003 The Bamboo Institute brought the year to a close announcing a Bamboo Construction workshop on December 10th & 11th – "Oficina de Construção de Estrutura Parabolóide para Coberturas." at the Federal University of Alagoas (Universidade Federal de Alagoas). Professor Oscar Hidalgo Lopez, from the National University of Colombia, held the workshop and lectured on "The extraordinary characteristics of bamboo and it's diverse application in construction" and "Taking advantage of bamboo's properties in various types of structures". More photos @ http://br.f1.pg.photos.yahoo.com/ph/.../Oscar&.src=ph Informações: Instituto do Bambu (82) 214-1503, Sebrae (82) 216-1642. RESEARCH INBAMBU UNESP ESALQ/USP UNICAMP BAMCRUS SITIO VAGALUME / IPAB PROJECTS BIEN: (Bamboo Information Exchange Network) BAMBUCRACIA BAMBUDAS BAMBUSCOLA MAILING LIST ARTICLES NEWS EVENTS In Brazil and The World GALLERY Bamboo gallery – 300+ fotos DISCUSSION LINKS DONATE CONTACT US www.bamboostic.be INTRODUCTION Many people have asked us why, how, where and what we were planning to do once we said that we wanted to start up a development project in Brazil . For this purpose, and to have an educated and well-founded answer, we decided to write this document. For a long time we have been thinking about doing something else with our lives. We were looking for a challenge to put our limited talents to a greater use and where we (and others?) could learn from our experiences. From our professional background as architect - urbanist (Sven and collegue Danny), communications and management specialist (Hilde), construction engineer (Pieter), technical engineer specialised in outdoor recreation (Jeroen), economist (Sebastien) and photographer (Marian) we examined the possibilities to start up this project. In 2001 we started our search for a good location and specialised knowledge in tourism and bamboo. As to why finally Brazil was chosen as a destination, there are too many reasons to mention here. Fact is that Brazil is a developing country, with a great deal of poverty and social injustice but still has many opportunities… In November 2003 three of the project members visited Brazil . On this (prospecting) journey the different possible locations were examined and local government officials and local professionals in the field of construction and tourism were contacted. Several project members will be starting the project up in 2004 in Brazil , while others will provide support and a link to Belgium . The project members are; • Sven Mouton; architect-urbanist • Danny Vaes; architect-urbanist • Hilde Duerinck; corporate communication and management specialist • Pieter Loose; student construction engineer (thesis project) • Jeroen Gillis; technical engineer and outdoor recreation specialist • Sebastien Lauwers, student economy (thesis project) • Stijn Van Rossum, web site constructor • Marianne Hommersom; student photography (theme project) This document is divided in three main parts; the project mission, a substantiation for the use of bamboo and tourism, and the conclusion. The hurried reader can restrict him/herself to the two first and the last chapter. Project Mission The main objective is to obtain a sustainable poverty reduction for a number of Brazilian families living below the poverty line by low cost housing and creating a regular income in tourism. Moreover we want to make locals conscious of the importance of the Mata Atlantica rainforest, and help restoring it by setting up bamboo plantations. Keeping in mind that it is better to teach people how to fish and to hunt, rather than to serve them a meal, we conceived this project as a learning project. We want to obtain a sustainable development. This means improving human welfare without degrading the environment (Belcher, 1995) .Since sustainable development has to satisfy local needs, the involvement of the locals with the planning and execution of the project is essential. Main objectives: -Teaching poor and/or unemployed locals how to build with affordable and ecological materials such as bamboo and loam. -Providing poor and/or unemployed locals with practical knowledge that they can use to find, create or expand a job in tourism. -Create a reforestation programm by educating locals in how to set up and maintain a bamboo plantation in order to restore damaged rainforest. Fig. 1; left; burning of the rainforest; right; young bamboo plantation (at EBIOBAMBU - Celina Llerana) Tourism and bamboo are directly linked to one another and can even reinforce each other. In upcoming touristical hotspots where nature is the greatest attraction for ecological tourists often bamboo for construction can be found (for example the Amazon rainforest). An attractive and ecological building in bamboo will attract tourists and because this attracts tourists it is more likely that locals will apply bamboo as a construction material. Moreover this are both resources that are within reach for a specific group of poor people. We are limited in our development project because of three factors; • Professionally we are limited to construction and tourism/marketing because of our area of knowledge. • Geografically we are limited to a place where a combination of bamboo (suitable for construction) and upcoming tourism occurs. • Practically we are limited to the number of people that can be involved. Sustainable development can be defined as a management of all recources in such way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND IT'S ECOLOGICAL COMPONENT The bamboo part of the project is to build a low-cost larger building where a small team of local unemployed will be taught all the necessary techniques. The construction exists mainly of two components; several rooms that can be hired out in order to have a self-supporting basis and a multifunctional space that can be applied for educational purposes. The building of the construction should be a sound and ecological process. Not only do the building materials have to be firm and biodegradable, there also has to be made use of an easy and simplified construction technique without costly tools. The building itself should have an attractive design and be of architectural value for two reasons; to enlarge the attraction of the economical activity (hotel) and to stimulate others to use the 'poor man's timber' as an suitable, visually attractive and effective building material. The building project can then extend to other places where a same process can take place. Fig. 2; Left; Bamboo grove in Camburi; Right; Hotel Do Frade in Angra Dos Reis by Simon Velez Besides the construction quality, bamboo has an enourmous ecological quality. Even if it is not a native plant, several ecological benefits can't be overlooked; • In the Mata Atlantica area most grounds outside of the national parks are subject to the danger of deforestation by burning (clearing of the forest for cattle grazing). Where this proces has already taken place, bamboo can serve as a soil enrichener to mineralise the grounds, and by it's firm roots prevent the soil from erosion. • Bamboo can absorbe polluted air. Carbon is being absorbed from the air and stored in the bamboo. Specially near city borders where air is already heavely polluted, bamboo can play an important role. BACKGROUND ON BRAZIL Brazil is the largest nation of South America and definitely an unique case in many respects. Its size, a little over 8,5 million sq km, is roughly equivalent to the rest of the region, while its population of more than 160 million people is higher than that of the nine remaining countries put together. Brazil is also unique because it was the only country in South America which experienced rapid economic growth during the 1970's (an average annual GDP rate of 8,1%). During the 1980´s, however, Brazil joined the rest of the region with a growth of 1,5%. The early 1990´s were even more difficult years for Brazil with a hyperinflation reaching its top in 1993. In 1994 the government introduced drastic monetary changes and a stabilisation plan called ‘Plan Real´. The results were encouraging however because of her great dependence on foreign capital Brazil suffered from the Mexican financial crisis late 1994, the Azian crisis in 1998 and the recession of the world economy in 2000 (prospects for tourism in South America). The national debt ran up from 192 milliard real in 1994 to 708 milliard real in 2002. Under pressure of the IMF Brazil had to carry out an extreme liberalisation meaning eliminating all barriers to imports and privatisation of some large government companies. President Cardoso had to cut on the already small social expenses for the poor such as health care, social security, education and poverty & unemployment reduction. President Lula and its government face an enormous challenge to improve public services, infrastructure and the educational base of its population and to steadily decrease economical and social inequities. Because despite of the enormous natural recourses and richness of the country – Brazil is ranked number 13 in the world´s largest industrial countries - there are estimated to be over 50 million Brazilians living below the poverty line. By lack of means 21 million people live in a permanent state of serious underfeeding. In this group occurs the most infant mortality. The quality of the public health care is low. The people with higher incomes use the well-functioning privately owned health institutions. Public education is of low quality and a lot of students drop out in order to earn money for their family. Private education is of good quality but unreachable for the poor. (11.11.11-campaign 2003). BRAZIL - GENERAL INFORMATION Regime: Republic Capital: Brasília President: Luis Inácio Lula da Silva Area: 8,5 million km² Population: 157 millions of inhabitants Economically Active Population: 74 millions of inhabitants Main export products: coffee, sugar, orange juice, soya, beef and chicken Mortality rate: 40/1.000 born alive Fertility rate: 2,52 (average of 2 children per couple) Sanitation: helps 76,2% of population Access to the drain system: 39,5% of population Official language: Portuguese Alfabetism: 93% alfabetism - 7% analfabetic is about 10.990.000 people Unemployment: 7,1 % unemployed Race: 40% mixed race, 50% white, 6% black & indians 0,2% Principal religion: Catholicism Currency: Real (R$) TOURISM AS A ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF INCOME The tourism part of the project is to provide another (or the same) team of local unemployed with the know-how to conduct an economical activity in the touristical sector. The education consists of on-the-job training and is complemented with specific courses such as marketing, english, accounting, …. Depending on the gender of the subjects that are taught the duration of the project may vary. A second important part will be to attract tourists to the project, in order to be self-sufficient and to generate a larger economic base for the poor. As mentioned above, bamboo is a material that can serve touristical purposes such as the fabrication of handicrafts, furniture and the construction of lodging. As such bamboo is an ecological material that fits in the idea of ecotourism. PROJECT DEFINITION The bamboo project consists of building a structure together with local unemployed craftsmen that can be used as accommodation for tourists, for teaching facilities and a basis of operations, from where the project can be directed on a self-supporting basis. This ensures that no later (government or other) fundings will be needed for the follow up of the project. The construction will serve as a basis for other constructions that will provide in the housing of the poor and the accommodation of tourists. The combination of a living space for the poor and rooms for tourists can provide the poor with an economical activity that will improve their financial and social status. In this project, bamboo (preferably Guadua Agnustifolia) will also be planted in several plantations. The climate of Ubatuba is ideal for Guadua, since temperatures normally do not drop below 10°C and rain is abundant. A plantation of this type of bamboo will ensure the locals in three to four year of free construction material. One hectare (that has to be well maintained and confined to this area by persons that are made responsable) can produce, after it's fourth year, enough bamboo to build five or more constructions. WHY BAMBOO? There are several reasons why bamboo is an essential part of this project • Providing in affordable and healthy housing for the poor. This doesn´t mean that a minimalistic perspective on the level of comfort and aesthetics will be pursued. The cost reduction that is obtained by the use of bamboo must be partially invested on the provision of a level in comfort and well-being. Only by providing this, bamboo housing can escape the label of 'poor man's cottage' and stand the comparison with brick buildings. • Providing an economical activity in construction (job creation). • Exploiting and promoting the benefits of bamboo: 1. Bamboo is an excellent and cheap building material. Because of unawareness and sceptis bamboo is underestimated as an building material. People regard bamboo as the poor man's timber, and compare it to the constructions that the poor build for themselves without real craftmanship. Good examples of quality architecture are needed to restore the believe in the possibilities of this material. Also preservation techniques have to be used, so that one can see the durability of this material. In Rio , a step towards the good direction has been made by the bamboo construction school led by Celina Llerana. 2. Fig. 3; EBIOBAMBU school of Celina Llerana at Visconde de Mauia ( Rio state) 3. Bamboo is a renewable and versatile resource, characterised by its high strength and low weight, and is easy to apply using simple tools. As such bamboo constructions are easy to build, resilient to wind and even earthquake forces (given the correct detailing) and readily repairable in the event of damage. The methods, activities and tools are often simple, straightforward and accessible to even the young and unskilled. (bamboo in construction: an introduction; INBAR technical report No. 16) 4. Bamboo is a good alternative to the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest because it is an eco-friendly material and is an excellent substitute for timber wood. 5. Bamboo as an harbinger of prosperity. A.C.LAKSHMANA, Former secretary to Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore has the following hypothesis; E1 E2 E3 F = -------------- E4 F= any type of forest (natural, artificial, rainforest, bamboo forest) E1, E2 and E3 are economics, employment and environment/ecology. E4 is rural poverty which is inversely proportional to forest wealth. If poverty is greater, F (forest wealth) is smaller. In the initial stages one should concentrate on economic gains to people. Other objectives can be taken up later. Translated to the project in question; economical benefits have to be found (in the use of bamboo for tourism and affordable housing) before ecological benefits can be found (such as the increased preservation of the rainforest because of the diminished need for timber wood). Keeping in mind that a bamboo forest's wealth is also depending on this formula, the forest (or plantation) has to be maintained and managed in an economical and ecological sound manner. 6. Bamboo is an absorber of polluted air. Carbon is being absorbed from the air and stored in the bamboo. This process is called 'carbon sequestration'. The Guadua plantations of a project in Costa Rica were calculated to absorbe 17 tons of carbon per hectare per year. (J.Janssen, 2000) This means that plantations at the border of larger cities can provide in housing as well as in a catalyst function. (J.Janssen, 2000). Moreover Bamboo plays a role as a means for erosion control, riverbank protection, landslide prevention and land rehabilitation. Bamboo's extensive network of rhizomes and root binds the top one foot of soil, which is critical for land productivity, and effectively resists erosion by forces of nature such as wind and water. There are cases reported wherein bamboo was planted to successfully prevent the erosion of a riverbank and thus protect a village from being washed away. (J.Janssen, 2000). On this subject carefulness is required. Prof. Eduardo Mariano Neto from the Instituto Driades de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade (at Ilheus) reported in an email to the authors that often a non-native bamboo specie can displace the native vegetation. An example was given of a bamboo that was displacing the native vegetation along the Piracicaba River of São Paulo State which was a serious problem to the conservation of that native forest formation. Therefore bamboo plantations should be organised in well-managed and confined areas. PRESENCE OF BAMBOO In order to determine where a good place for the bamboo part of the project can be found, first the presence of bamboo that is suitable for construction has to be located. The most suitable bamboo species for construction are Guadua Agnustifolia, Dendrocalamus Giganteous, Dendrocalamus Asper and Bambusa Vulgaris. The highest potential species richness in America , 35 species per km² , was recorded for a total area of 506 km² in the coastal region of Brazil , near São Paulo . Nearly 80% (15,084,000 km² ) of the total area of forest potentially containing bamboo has from 1 to 5 species per km². (Potential distribution of woody bamboos in Africa and America , INBAR Working Paper 43) The highest diversity of bamboo can also be found in the coastal region of Brazil ( São Paulo ) in the 'Mata Atlantica' region, where climatic conditions are ideal for bamboo species. According to Dr. Ximena Londoño (2001), Brazil has the greatest bamboo diversity in Latin America . Guadua Kunth, which represents the biggest and the most economically important genus of the New World , with species reaching heights 30 m and culms reaching 21 cm in diameter, is primarily an Amazonian genus with 45% of the species diversity in the Amazon and Orinoco basins (Londoño & Judziewicz 1991). The next most diverse area is central Brazil and eastern Bolivia with 30% of the species diversity in the "cerrado" or savanna, Species have been found from sea level to 2200-2800m, being more abundant and diverse at lower elevation between 0-1500 m. Bamboo occurs in different types of habitats such as lowland tropical forests, savannas, cerrados, gallery forests and the lower montane forests. Uses have been reported for many of them but due to its exceptional timber quality and natural durability, G. angustifolia Kunth is the most useful. (Diversity and distribution of new world bamboos, the bambuseae, Ximena Londoño INBAR Working Paper No. 8) Fig 4; Mata Atlantica region. Light green was the original rainforest Dark green is the rainforest nowadays Fig 5; Distribution of the genus GUADUA in Middle and South America However the map above with the presence of Guadua contains the entire of Brazil , inquiries with local professionals and academics indicate that some nuances have to be made. Guadua (being the best bamboo for construction) indeed can be found in this entire area, but not always in equally great amounts, and not always in the correct subspecia (being Agnustifolia Kunth). The Mata Atlantica area, as shown above in fig. 1, has only about 7 % of it's original surface left (different sources indicate different percentages, but this number is never above 10 %). Since the most subspecies of bamboo are not native plants, they are not an endangered specific type of plant from the Mata Atlantica. This plant does however need the specific climate of a rainforest (rainfall and high temperatures), meaning that the only sustainable way to handle bamboo in this project is to first preserve the Mata Atlantica rainforest. Most sources indicate that Bahia , being a primary target of investigation for tourism, doesn't contain large amounts of Guadua Agnustifolia. Towards the southern part of Bahia, on the border with Rio state, there is however a presence of large woody bamboos that are already used by landless workers, as reported to us by Dr. Eduardo Mariano Neto from the Instituto Driades de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade in Ilhéus, and Reyjane Patricia de Oliveira from the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (Dept. de Ciências Biológicas) reported simular findings to us. On the subject of Dendrocalamus Giganteous Dr Antonio Salgado (botanist who is expert in bamboo) reported to us that there was a slim chance that it could be found in Santo Amaro, near Salvador the Bahia in the plantations of a paper factory, as would be vast areas of Bambusa Vulgaris, because this is the species that is used by this factory. Upon contacting this factory they however were reluctant to share these resources, and that D. Giganteous was unknown to them. We received a similar response from Dr. Lynn Clark (American bamboo society) who stated that at least two species of Bambusa, B. Vulgaris and B. Tuldoides, are widely grown in Brazil , and probably both are cultivated in Bahia . Another regular contact is Raphael Moras de Vasconcellos, amongst others from the Bambu-Brasileiro organisation. He had doubts about the presence of Guadua in Bahia , but was positive that Bambusa Vulgaris was present in Bahia (he referred to the factory in Santo Amaro as well). Raphael is working with Bambusa Vulgaris in construction workshops in Macéio (to the north of Bahia ) at the moment. Dr Ximena Londoño, who is known to be one of the greatest specialists in Bamboo taxonomy, reported to us that in Bahia Guadua angustifolia is hard to find. She reported that vast plantations of Dendrocalamus giganteous and Guadua angustifolia are to be found in the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , which is adjacent to the southern part of Bahia . In order to find the correct bamboo species or construction she advised us to direct our search for a project location towards the 'Mata Atlantica' region. Celina Llerena, who is also an architect and is mainly involved in the teaching of construction with Bamboo in Rio (EBIOBAMBU school), stated that Rio is the paradise of Bambusa Vulgares and Tutoides. Because of the technical expertise in bamboo construction Celina will be regularly contacted on the technical aspects of the construction. On further inquiry of the Mata Atlantica area, numerous presences of Dendrocalamus G. such as in Angra Dos Reis (in a privately owned plantation on which the owner also build his house with this bamboo) and near Curitiba were found, with a fair assumption that many more can be found. On the prospection journey the Mata Atlantica area from just below São Paulo till just north of Rio de Janeiro was investigated, as is documented in the addendum. Since poverty, being the main reason for the project, can be found nearly everywhere in Brazil in more or less equal amounts, the factors that can differ from location to location are tourism and bamboo. Tourism will be documented later, here only the possibilities for bamboo in the chosen location will be explained (for an overview, and reasons for choosing Ubatuba, please refer to the chapters 'project location' and 'addendum') In Ubatuba, which is a larger city right in the middle of Rio and São Paulo , the Mata Atlantica is at it's full force. Movies about the Amazon Rainforest are often made right here, because of the similarities of the natural structure (and lower production costs), dixit Sergio Carvalho, secretary of tourism in Ubatuba. Bigger B. Vulgaris can be found everywhere in free nature, as well as (when searched for) D. Giganteus. During our prospection trip we stumbled upon 6 or 7 larger (and older than 4 years) bushes of what we believe is very thick Guadua Agnustifolia at Praia da Fazenda. If not Guadua (internodes too long for Guadua?), this certainly is very ready-to-use Dendrocalamus Giganteus. Several Caiçaras planted them ages ago on their property (hence the incredible thickness). They said that someone (unknown) brought them from the African continent. (if it is Guadua, more likely some Fransiscan missionaries that had a nearby post brought them from the Asiatic continent). Fig. 6 ; bamboo grove of Guadua or Dendrocalamus at Praia da Fazenda, Ubatuba The climate at Ubatuba is certainly right for starting a Guadua plantation (ample rainfall and temperatures that never fall below 10° C), that should produce the right bamboo in 4 years, bringing the locals free building material. Probably self-treated bamboo, that can be cut at Praia da Fazenda, will be used for he project. If this is (due to unforseen circomstances) impossible, than ready-made and pre-treated bamboo from the Flora Paraty at less than 25 km can be used, while the treatment and plantation at the site is perfected for later use by the poor. We already talked to the director of the National Park ('Eliane Simoes 'Lica'') who wants to coöperate, and give permission to cut bamboo from the national park (for it is not an domestic plant to Brazil , and not protected under the national forestry laws). She also pointed out that this project, and building in bamboo in general should be promoted in the region, because of the ecological nature of bamboo constructions. TOURISM IN GENERAL The substancial growth of tourism activity clearly marks tourism as one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the past century. The number of international arrivals worldwide show an evolution from a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to 664 million in 1999, corresponding to an average annual growth rate of 7%. This despite threats of global terrorism, religious fundamentalism, energy crisis and economic recession. Although tourism movements are largely confined to developed nations, the developing countries are forging ahead rapidly. For years, tourism was characterised by concentration: geographic concentration (15 countries, all in Western Europe and North America , attracted 97% of all tourists), seasonal coverage (summer) and concentration in terms of purpose of trip (leisure - summer holidays). Nowadays, tourism is much more diverse. Travel tends to be spread out all over the year, there is a growing tendency for tourists to visit new destinations ( Asia , Africa and Latin America ), together with tourism product diversification. Despite this clear tendency towards diversification of tourist flows, traditional pattern of tourism behaviour are likely to endure, which means that sun and beach tourism is still the most important segment of the market and will doubtless maintain this status. But the tourist now wants to combine sun and beach with sports, nature and culture (Tourism market trends: Americas , 2000). Fig. 14; Eco-tour in Camburi, Ubatuba The reason tourists choose a destination is strongly influenced by the cultural and natural environment of that location. Tourists seek safe, clean, interesting and varied environments. Tourism depends upon the qualities of the natural and human environment, but tourism involves a demand for significant amounts of energy and consumption of many goods and services. Increasingly people have become aware that without responsible management practices, the industry can degrade the very features on which tourism´s prosperity is based. Particularly in sensitive environments there is a need for sustainable tourism. There have been several initiatives of tourism developers who are implementing environmental auditing programs such as waste management, energy consumption, transport noise and staff training (Tourism development in critical environments, 1999). Furthermore over the pas few years some large ngo´s and tourism organisations such as SNV (The Netherlands) and GTZ ( Germany ) have been developing policies and projects to assist people in developing countries in getting their share from tourism ( www.retour.net). DESCRIPTION OF THE CHOSEN LOCATION Fig. 18 ; Above; city of Ubatuba with over 80 beaches and villages; Below; Praia Ubatubarim, the chosen location After the prospection journey that went from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, where as been mentioned before the most obvious and largest (preserved) amount of the Mata Atlantica rainforest is situated, the different possibilities were examined and compared. An overview in tables of the visited locations can be found in the 8th chapter, Addendum. After carefull review, Ubatuba (more specific Ubatubarim) was chosen as the best location for the project, because to us, it scored best on the three key factors that we were looking for; poverty (which is present everywhere in Brazil), bamboo (which only some locations had the right kind of) and tourism (especially ecotourism, surfing and adventurous tourism since these are the kind of tourists that stay in places as intended in the project). For a description of the chosen location these three factors will be clarified. • Poverty; Poverty can be found in nearly every Brazilian city (with an increased amount in de northeast regions, but since the lack of bamboo this was not an option for this specific project). In Ubatuba poverty reached a higher level than in the surrounding cities for a very specific reason. To clarify this statement first the historic background of Ubatuba has to be explained; Ubatuba is one of the oldest port cities in Brazil (366 years old). With Santos becoming the first port of the São Paulo state, the Ubatuba region began to suffer neglect and economic decline. It wasn't untill the mid twentieth century that Ubatuba began an new age of economic development, which resulted in the construction of the BR101 highway between Santos ( São Paulo ) and Rio . This highway brought in the land speculators and tourists of São Paulo and surrounding cities. It also marked the destruction of the Caiçara people, that have lived here since the founding of the city four centuries ago. The Caiçara's are a mix of different races (Euro, native Indian from Brazil and Afro from slavery) and have lived of what the land and sea provided for them. They have a very specific culture that is a mix of their ancestral cultures. After the highway cut trough their homelands, land prospectors made use of their illiteracy to trick them in to selling bigger pieces of land than they thought, driving them out of these properties. Then, the former gouvernement put another burden on them by declaring most of the region a state park, prohibiting them to plant, cultivate and harvest on what land was left to them, driving them to the cities. Unadapted to urban life most of them failed to start a better life here, and many returned to the places where they used to live, even if they could barely survive here (punishments on extracting material from the forest were and still are severe). Even though the local environment agencies (such as the directory of the national park Serra Do Mar) wish to help them survive, they too are bound by rules and regulations. The government made provisions for these 'traditional families' to be able to stay on their lands and to continue to live as their culture taught them, but still they have to find another means of income that can partially replace the provisions they formerly extracted from the forest. (source; the eco-efficiency group of Ubatuba, Sergio Carvalho, secretary of tourism Ubatuba, 'Eliane Simoes 'Lica'', director of the national park Serra Do Mar and travel guides). In this light, our project could be of an essential benefit to them, since bamboo (being a non-native plant) can still be extracted from the forest and tourism is one of the only possible means of income left to them. • Bamboo; Driving on the way from Santos towards Ubatuba, large bushes of (thick) B. Vulgaris can be found everywhere along the way. Since this is by far not the best bamboo for construction, we asked locals to help us find larger bamboo such as Dendrocalamus Giganteous. On an ecological trip trough the forests of Camburi (city of Ubatuba), monitored by Gilson, a local guide that also is a spokesperson for the poor from the community of Camburi, we went to a local Caiçara family that was reported to have enormous bamboo in their garden. On arrival, we indeed found gigantic bamboo, probably of the Dendrocalamus gender in their garden (see photograph). Regretfully this was the only bush that could be found in Camburi. Encouraged by this finding we went looking further and learned that Praia Da Fazenda should also have several similar larger bamboos. At Praia da Fazenda we were guided around by Ted Taylor, who was active in the Eco-Efficiency group. In the direct neighbourhood of where Ted lived (without electricity or water) at Praia Da Fazenda, several bushes of enormously thick bamboo were found (what we believe were Guadua or very straight and thick Dendrocalamus, see the pictures in chapter 3; bamboo, presence of bamboo). Ted had been cutting parts of these bushes, which caused new and very straight culms to shoot up. 6 or 7 bushes that hold enough bamboo for the bearing structure of the project were found on the site. If for whatever reason these bamboos should not be usable for the project, ready and treated can be purchased from the 'Flora Paraty', which is located about 25 km from the location where we intend to start our project (see 'Paraty' in chapter 8). Given the strong growing rate and thickness of the existing bamboos in Praia Da Fazenda, a plantation for future bamboo should not be a problem. Fig. 19; bamboo in Camburi • Tourism; In Ubatuba, the national park Serra do Mar and the ocean with its numerous islands along the coast attracts many tourists. Ubatuba is a large city spread out on about 50 km coastline. Ubatuba is well known for the surfing championhips that are held here at Praia Vermelha. The centre is already touristically developed but the hidden beaches and villages offer great possibilities for tourism, especially ecotourism. Camburi and Ubatubarim are ideal villages since they are situated at the border of the national park (ideal to organise hikes in the jungle). They are only 20 km away from Paraty, a historical city protected by Unesco, and 40 km away from Ubatuba centre. In Ubatubarim there are lodges that are rented out by the St-Franciscians. Each of the 12 lodges can contain 10 persons. The lodges of the St-Franciscians are only rented out once or twice a year. There exist no other sleeping facilities here. Only in nearby villages such as Picinguabe where there are a few poussadas, and in Camburi where there is a campsite for eco-tourists, it is possible to stay overnight. Furthermore in Camburi there are already about 8 persons who guide tourists in the jungle. We have spoken to Gilson, a local guide in Camburi, who has a small bar right in front of a beautiful waterfall and who also takes tourists for rappelling from this waterfall. Besides Gilson this job is for most of the guides only a summerjob. Outside the high season there are only few tourists but during the summermonths the campsite is overfull. In Ubatubarim tourism is not as important as in Camburi, but still there are a few locals who rent out canoes and they are also aware of the importance of tourism as a means of income. But it is obvious that in Ubatubarim the facilities for tourists either don´t exist yet or aren´t being exploited well. This means that we will get the opportunity to develop ecotourism here from scratch in coöperation with the locals. Fig.20; waterfall in Camburi • Links www.bambubrasileiro.com www.bamboocentral.org http://www.americanbamboo.org/ Tornello Nurseries www.tornellobamboo.com Association Européenne du Bambou Big Bamboo Trading Co. www.koolbamboo.com PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY: BAMBOO BRAZIL FOUNDATION http://www.bambubrasil.org/ BAMBOO BRAZIL CURRENTLY ARCHIVES AVAILABLE: Name Size Creator Created A bamboo tourism project for Brazil - Sven Mouton.pdf Poverty reducation, sustainable development by utilizing bamboo as a low cost building material and employing unemployed local craftsman 96 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 Alvaro - colheres de bambu.pdf Alvaro - Colheres de Bambu - Bamboo Spoons 325 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/03/2003 Artigos (português) Artigos que tenham revelencia neste grupo de discussão fundacaobambubrasil 11/01/2003 BAMBUCICLETAS.txt BAMBUCICLETAS - by Steen Heinsen - ""Building these bicycles is art. It is not something you just do" 5 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 BBF News - Boletim Informativo Weekly Newsletter detailing our Activities fundacaobambubrasil 11/10/2003 BambooMatBoard.pdf.pdf Bamboo Mat Board 122 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/22/2003 BambooThematicNetwork Newsletter Nov 2002.pdf Bamboo in Europe / Bamboo of the Americas / Flowering of Bamboo / Guadua in Australia / Bamboo Technology Exchange / Bamboo Workshop in Pereira Colombia 135 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 Bamboo_Photography_CBronzini.pdf The Bamboo Art Exhibit - Carla Bronzini - International Bamboo Festival at Fairchild Tropical Garden Oct 16 2003 40 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 Bambooasabuildingmaterial.pdf.pdf Bamboo as a Building Material 1886 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/22/2003 Brasileiro constrói bicicletas de Bambu.doc O bambu, quando bem utilizado, pode ser até 17% mais resistente que o aço. 6 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 Building a Bamboo Farm.doc Building a Bamboo Farm using principles of Permaculture Bamboo Agroforestry - Simon Henderson (Bamboo People) 29 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/01/2003 Compilação de Espécies no Brasil_Abril_2001.pdf Compilado durante o curso de bambu no Centro de Pesquisa Chinesa de Bambu (CBRC) Abril 2001 - Raphael Vasconcellos, Luciano Roitman, Prof. Marco Pereira, e João Paglione 47 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 Entrevistas (Interviews) Raphael Vasconcellos conducted many interviews for his website, BambuBrasileiro.com - As entrevistas do Raphael Vasconcellos estão disponiveis aqui, feito para o BambuBrasileiro.com fundacaobambubrasil 11/01/2003 IAC-NOCMAT 2003 JP NOV.pdf Inter American Conference on Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies in Eco-Construction and Infrastructure IAC-NOCMAT 2003 - João Pessoa, Brazil, November 13th-16th 2003 86 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 International Bamboo Festival Miami 2003 - Speaker Details.pdf The Meeting of the American Bamboo Society & Florida Caribbean Chapter - Oscar Hidalgo, Mark Meckes, Tarciso Filgeurias, Ana Paula Gonçalves, Dr. Stinger Guala, Dr. Lynn Clark, Dr. Margert Stern, and Linda Garland 170 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 IntroBambuJan2002.pdf Introdução ao Mundo dos Bambus - Raphael Vasconcellos ) 338 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/04/2003 Manual 8p Refrigerador de Bambu.pdf Refrigerador de Bambu - Gaiamovement.org (em Português) 80 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/01/2003 Modernbambooarchitecture.pdf.pdf Modern Bamboo Architecture 1359 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/22/2003 O Bambu e os Desafios do Brasil - Marco Pimentel.pdf A historia dessa planta na formação sóciocultural e econômica desses povos admite a crença que "mais da metade da raça humana seria completmanete diferente sem o bambu" 62 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 OscarHidalgomanual.pdf Oscar Hidalgo - Manuel de construcción con bambu / Bamboo Construction Manual 610 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/04/2003 Private Foundation Documents fundacaobambubrasil 11/22/2003 Tratamento de Colmos de Bambu sob pressão_UNICAMP.pdf Cinthia Reis Cascardo (Bolsista PIBIC/CNPq) e Prof. Antonio Ludovico Beraldo (Orientador) - Faculdade de Engeheria Agricola - FEAGRI - UNICAMP 71 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 TreatmentManual10US.pdf.pdf VSD Treatment Manual - Vertical Soak Diffusion developed by Environmental Bamboo Foundation & Dr. Walter Liese 1113 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/22/2003 bamboo_paper.doc 5 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/22/2003 bambu o ouro verde dos chineses.txt Bambu - O Ouro Verde dos Chineses 5 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/01/2003 manual_bahareque_bambu_guadua.pdf.pdf Manual Bahareque Guadua 3056 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/22/2003 ufpb.br Uso do bambu como material de construção.pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA - MATERIAS DE CONTRUÇÃO NÃO-CONVENCIONAIS - USO DO BAMBU 38 KB fundacaobambubrasil 11/02/2003 Files 11111 Kb used of 20480 Kb total Name Type Access Creator Size Last Modified Jens Johnston - Bamboo Architect in Rio album Personal fundacaobambubrasil 3 items 1-Nov-2003 MUDAS - Bamboo Plants for Sale album Group fundacaobambubrasil 5 items 1-Nov-2003 BAMCRUS.com.br album Group fundacaobambubrasil 29 items 1-Nov-2003 Instituto Bambu Campinas - São Paulo album Group fundacaobambubrasil 10 items 1-Nov-2003 Takuara Renda - Guillermo Gayo -Paraguay album Group fundacaobambubrasil 20 items 2-Nov-2003 Instituto Agronomico de Campinas - SP album Group fundacaobambubrasil 3 items 2-Nov-2003 Celina Llerena - EBIOBAMBU -RiodeJaneiro album Group fundacaobambubrasil 8 items 2-Nov-2003 Bali - 1995 Bamboo Orchestra album Group fundacaobambubrasil 1 item 2-Nov-2003 FUNBAMBU-Costa Rica 1998-CasasPopulares album Group fundacaobambubrasil 36 items 2-Nov-2003 BAMBUCICLETAS - Flavio Deslandes album Group fundacaobambubrasil 0 item 2-Nov-2003 Artesanatos (BrazilianBambooHandicrafts) album Group fundacaobambubrasil 7 items 2-Nov-2003 Oficina BambuBrasileiro - Rio de Janeiro album Group fundacaobambubrasil 60 items 3-Nov-2003 UNESP -Bauru- São Paulo - Marco Pereira album Group fundacaobambubrasil 16 items 6-Nov-2003 Yahoo! Photo Album album Personal bamboobrazilfoundation 1 item 7-Nov-2003 Especies - Species album Group fundacaobambubrasil 5 items 7-Nov-2003 Sitio Vagalume - Santa Catarina - Brasil album Group fundacaobambubrasil 7 items 8-Nov-2003 A B S Meeting Miami album Group willpierson 7 items 10-Nov-2003 INBAMBU (Instituto do Bambu) Macéio album Group fundacaobambubrasil 25 items 10-Nov-2003 Instrumentos album Group caumelo 47 items 27-Nov-2003 Morisco - Indonesian Bamboo Building album Group fundacaobambubrasil 7 items 1-Dec-2003 Curso Prof.Oscar Hidalgo album Group caumelo 0 item 11-Dec-2003 Bookmarks Name Creator Discussion Groups YAHOO! Groups Discussion about various aspects of bamboo fundacaobambubrasil India - Bamboo & Technology Centres Many great sources fundacaobambubrasil B A M B U B R A S I L E I R O Produtos e serviços da oficina BambuBrasileiro sediado no Rio de Janeiro,(cortinas/forrações/grades/móveis/...), Panorama geral Sobre as características e utilizações desta planta por povos do mundo. Panorama geral Sobre as características e utilizações desta planta por povos do mundo. Entrevistas, Venda de Mudas http://www.bambubrasileiro.com fundacaobambubrasil BAMBUBRASIL.ORG - O PORTAL DO BAMBU NO BRASIL Fundação BambuBrasil - Brazilian Bamboo Foundation - Informações, Eventos, Cursos, Palestras, Emails, Discussões, Galerias de Fotos http://www.bambubrasil.org fundacaobambubrasil Bambú de las Américas [BOTA] Mientras nosotros plantamos y gozamos de nuestro bambú preferido, muchas especies nativas de bambúes americanos son ignoradas y destruidas en su mismo país de origen. Recientemente, en mi visita a México, observé las diferentes formas en que el hábitat del bambú se esta destruyendo. Las comunidades rurales están expandiéndose hacia las montañas en busca de tierras de cultivo y se ven en la necesidad de limpiar el terreno para realizar sus actividades agrícolas, las cuales están destruyendo la vegetación natural. Esto ocasiona que las poblaciones naturales de bambú estén expuestas o incluso estén en peligro de desaparecer de su hábitat http://www.bamboooftheamericas.org/espanol/ fundacaobambubrasil EGrupo Bambu-Brasil O grupo Bambu Brasil de discussão sobre bambu por Internet é um E-Grupo, e funciona a base de mensagens eletrônicas (emails). Quando alguém envia uma mensagem para , todos os membros inscritos no grupo recebem a mesma mensagem.E assim os membros vão respondendo mensagens postadas, colocando novas questões em outras mensagens e assim por diante. O Bambu-Brasil é um EGrupo baseado nos servidores da empresa americana YAHOO, , é um serviço gratuito, e portanto livre de taxas. O EGrupo Bambu-Brasil é público (i.e. aberto a qualquer interessado) e as mensagens não passam por censura prévia. http://www.bambubrasileiro.com/grupo/instruc.html fundacaobambubrasil ENVIRONMENTAL BAMBOO FOUNDATION The International Bamboo Foundation a, 501(c)3 and the Environmental Bamboo Foundation of Indonesia were both founded by Linda Garland, an international designer and environmentalist who has made her home in Indonesia for over 20 years. http://www.bamboocentral.org fundacaobambubrasil Grupo BambuBrasil - Entrevistas Angel e Mariana Sampedro del Rio Artesanos Español julho de 2000, Junji Kagata Enterpreneur English julho de 2000, Melanie Arcudi Doctor English julho de 2000, Tarciso S. Filgueiras Botânico Português janeiro de 2001, Jorge Morán Ubidia Arquiteto Español fevereiro de 2001, Marco Antônio dos Reis Pereira Engenheiro Agrícola Português fevereiro de 2001, De Vos Joris Enterpreneur English fevereiro de 2001, Lynn G. Clark Bamboo Taxonomist English março de 2001, Ximena Londoño de Pava Botanist / Guadua specialist / taxonomist Español abril de 2001 http://www.bambubrasileiro.com/grupo/entrev/ fundacaobambubrasil MUDAS DE BAMBU Á VENDA - SAINDO DE BAURU, SÃO PAULO [UNESP] Mudas de um ano de idade, em saco plástico, Preço: R$ 10,00 a unidade, Frete: saindo de Bauru - SP, à parte, encomendas com http://www.bambubrasileiro.com/mudas.html fundacaobambubrasil Mark Mortimer - Bamboo Furniture, Fences Móveis e cercas de bambu do Mark Mortimer [New Zealand] http://www.bambusero.co.nz fundacaobambubrasil UNESP - Bauru - Marco Pereira Personal Page Why Bamboo? Characteristics of Culms, Uses, and General Overview http://email.feb.unesp.br/~pereira fundacaobambubrasil Venda de Apostila - "BAMBU - Espécies, Características e Aplicações" Este estudo decorre de sua intensa investigação sobre o bambu em mais de dez anos de pesquisa, e após a publicação de sua apostila sobre irrigação com bambus. Perfeita para quem quer começar a estudar, plantar e conhecer o bambu. O sumário da apostila, que contém 56 páginas e fotos explicativas, é o seguinte: Introdução, Histórico e Generalidades, A Planta, Características dos colmos, Colheita dos colmos, Espécies de bambu, Reprodução de bambu, Tratamento dos colmos, Aplicações, Bambu na Internet, Bibliografia - Valor: 30 reais http://www.bambubrasileiro.com/grupo/marco.html fundacaobambubrasil |
Reply |
Thread Tools | Search this Thread |
Display Modes | |
|
|